Ukuthuthukiswa okuragela phambili kwebubulo lamavalvu (1967 ukuya ku-1978)
01 Ukuthuthukiswa kwebubulo kuyathinteka
Kusukela ngo-1967 ukuya ku-1978, ngebanga lamatjhuguluko amakhulu wezehlalakuhle, ukuthuthukiswa kwebubulo lamavalvu nakho kuthinteke khulu. Ukubonakaliswa okukhulu ngilezi:
1. Ivalvu umkhiqizo wehlile khulu, begodu ikhwalithi yehle khulu
2. Ivalvu irherho lokurhubhulula lezesayensi elithome ukwakheka sele lithintekile
3. Imikhiqizo yamavalvu womfutho ophakathi iba yisikhathi esifitjhani godu
4. Ukukhiqizwa okungahleliweko kwamavalvu wegandelelo eliphezulu neliphakathi kwathoma ukuvela
02 Thatha amagadango wokukhulisa "umlayini omfitjhani wevalvu"
Ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo eivalvuibubulo lehle khulu, begodu ngemva kokwakheka kwemikhiqizo ye-valve yesikhathi esifitjhani ephezulu nephakathi, umbuso uqakathekisa khulu lokhu. I-Heavy and General Bureau ye-First Ministry of Machinery yasungula isiqhema samavalvu esizokuba nesibopho sokutjhugulula ubuchwepheshe bemboni yamavalvu. Ngemva kokuphenya okujulileko nokurhubhulula, isiqhema samavalvu sibeke phambili “Umbiko wemibono yokuThuthukiswa kweeNdlela zokuKhiqiza zamaValvu wePhezulu nePhakathi”, eyathunyelwa kuKhomitjhini yokuHlela yomBuso. Ngemva kokwenza irhubhululo, kwaqunywa bona kutjalwe imali eyizigidi ezingama-52 zama-yuan embonini yamavalvu ukwenza amatjhuguluko wezobuchwepheshe ukurarulula umraro wokutlhayela okukhulu kwegandelelo eliphezulu neliphakathiamavalvu kanye nokwehla kwekhwalithi msinyana.
1. Imihlangano emibili ye-Kaifeng
NgoMeyi 1972, umNyango wokuThoma weMitjhini wabamba umhlangano weentjhabatjhabaivalvuisimpoziyamu yomsebenzi webubulo e-Kaifeng City, e-Henan Province. Inani lamayunithi ali-125 nabajameli abali-198 abavela emafemini wamavalvu ali-88, iinkhungo ezi-8 ezifaneleko zokurhubhulula nezesayensi, ama-ofisi wemitjhini ali-13 wesifundazwe nomasipala nabanye abasebenzisi bebakhona emhlanganweni. Umhlangano uqunte ukubuyisela iinhlangano ezimbili zebubulo nenethiwekhi yezobunhloli, begodu wakhetha i-Kaifeng High Pressure Valve Factory ne-Tieling Valve Factory njengabadosiphambili besiqhema se-high-pressure ne-low-pressure ngokulandelana, begodu i-Hefei General Machinery Research Institute ne-Shenyang Valve Research Institute bebaphethe umsebenzi wenethiwekhi yezobunhloli. Umhlangano lo ubuye wakhuluma begodu wafunda ngeendaba ezihlobene "nezinto ezintathu zesimanjemanje", ukwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, irhubhululo lobuthekhnikhi, ukwahlukaniswa kwemikhiqizo, nokuthuthukisa imisebenzi yebubulo neyobunhloli. Solo kwalokho, imisebenzi yamabubulo neyezobunhloli ebegade iphazanyiswe iminyaka esithandathu sele iqalile godu. Amagadango la adlale indima ekulu ekuthuthukiseni ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu nokubuyisela emuva ubujamo besikhathi esifitjhani.
2. Qala kabutjha imisebenzi yehlangano yebubulo nokutjhentjhana ngolwazi
Ngemva kweKhonferensi ye-Kaifeng ngo-1972, amaqembu webubulo aragela phambili nemisebenzi yawo. Ngaleso sikhathi, bekumafemu ama-72 kwaphela ebekahlanganyela ehlelweni lebubulo, begodu amafemu amanengi wamavalvu bekangakahlanganyeli ehlelweni lebubulo. Ukuze kuhlelwe amafemu amanengi wamavalvu, isifunda ngasinye sihlela imisebenzi yebubulo ngokulandelana. Ifemu yamavalvu we-Shenyang ephezulu nephakathi, ifemu yevalvu ye-Beijing, ifemu yevalvu ye-Shanghai, ifemu yevalvu ye-Wuhan,Ifemu yamavalvu we-Tianjin, i-Gansu High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory, kanye ne-Zigong High Pressure Valve Factory ngokulandelana ziphethe i-Northeast, North China, East China, Central South, Northwest, kanye ne-Southwest Regions. Ngesikhathi lesi, imboni yamavalvu nemisebenzi yezobuhlakani beyihlukahlukene begodu inezithelo, begodu beyithandwa khulu emafemini embonini. Ngebanga lokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yebubulo, ukutjhinisana njalo ngesipiliyoni, ukusizana nokufunda ngokubambisana, akugcini ngokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kodwana kukhulisa ubunye nobungani hlangana namafemu ahlukahlukeneko, ukwenzela bona ibubulo le-valve lakhe ubunye obuhlangeneko, ngokuvumelana, ngokubambisana.
3. Yenza "ukuthuthukiswa kwesimanjemanje okuthathu" kwemikhiqizo yamavalvu
Ngokuya ngomoya wemihlangano emibili ye-Kaifeng kanye nemibono ye-Heavy and General Bureau ye-First Ministry of Machinery, i-General Machinery Research Institute yabuye yahlela umsebenzi omkhulu we-valve "yokwenza izinto zesimanjemanje" ngokusekelwa ngamafemu ahlukahlukeneko embonini. Umsebenzi "wokwenza izinto zesimanjemanje ezintathu" ngumsebenzi oqakathekileko wezobuchwepheshe, okuyindlela ephumelelako yokurhabisa ukutjhuguluka kwethekhnoloji yamabhizinisi nokwenza ngcono izinga lemikhiqizo yamavalvu. Isiqhema sokusebenza "sesimanjemanje esithathu" se-valve sisebenza ngokuya kwemigomo "ezinhle ezine" (kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kulula ukwakha, kulula ukuyilungisa nokufaniswa okuhle) kanye "nokuhlanganisa okune" (imodeli, amapharamitha wokusebenza, ukuxhumana nobukhulu obupheleleko, iingcenye ezijayelekileko). Okuqukethwe okukhulu komsebenzi kunezinto ezintathu, enye kukwenza kube lula imihlobo ehlanganisiweko; enye kukwakha nokubuyekeza iqoqo lamazinga wezobuchwepheshe; okwesithathu kukukhetha nokuqedelela imikhiqizo.
4. Irhubhululo lobuthekhnikhi likhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwerhubhululo lezesayensi
(1) Ukuthuthukiswa kwamathimu wokurhubhulula wezesayensi nokwakhiwa kweendawo zokuhlola Ekupheleni kwaka-1969, i-General Machinery Research Institute yathuthelwa ukusuka e-Beijing yaya e-Hefei, begodu idivayisi yokuthoma yokuhlola ukujamelana nokugeleza yadilizwa, okwathinta khulu irhubhululo lezesayensi. Ngo-1971, abarhubhululi bezesayensi babuyela esiqhemeni ngokulandelana, begodu ilabhoratri yokurhubhulula ivalvu yakhula yaba babantu abangaphezu kwama-30, begodu yathunyelwa mnyango bona ihlele irhubhululo lobuthekhnikhi. Kwakhiwa ilabhorethri elula, kwafakwa isisetjenziswa sokuhlola ukujamelana nokugeleza, begodu kwaklanywa begodu kwakhiwa irhubhululo lobuchwepheshe lokuvala ivalvu nokupakisha.
(2) Iimpumelelo ezikulu Umhlangano we-Kaifeng owabanjwa ngo-1973 wakha ihlelo lokurhubhulula lobuchwepheshe lebubulo lamavalvu kusukela ngo-1973 ukuya ku-1975, begodu wahlongoza amaphrojekthi wokurhubhulula aqakathekileko ama-39. Hlangana nazo, kunezinto ezi-8 zokucubungula ngokutjhisa, izinto ezi-16 zokuvala indawo, izinto ezi-6 zokupakisha, into eyodwa yedivayisi kagesi, kanye nezinto ezi-6 zokuhlola nokuhlolwa kokusebenza. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, e-Harbin Welding Research Institute, e-Wuhan Material Protection Protection Research Institute, kanye ne-Hefei General Machinery Research Institute, abasebenzi abakhethekileko bakhethwa ukuhlela nokuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa okujayelekileko, begodu imihlangano emibili yomsebenzi ngeengcenye ezisisekelo zamavalvu we-pressure ephezulu nephakathi yabanjwa ukufingqa isipiliyoni, ukusizana nokutjhentjhana, begodu kwakhiwe iingcenye ezisisekelo zerhubhululo 1980. Ngemizamo yokuvumelana yemboni yoke, ipumelelo ekulu yenziwe emsebenzini wokurhubhulula wezobuchwepheshe, okukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwerhubhululo lezesayensi embonini yamavalvu. Imiphumela yayo eqakathekileko ilandelako:
1) Namathisela indawo yokuvala. Irhubhululo lendawo yokuvala lihlose ukurarulula umraro wokuvuza kwangaphakathiivalvu. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinto zokuvala beziyi-20Cr13 kanye ne-12Cr18Ni9, ebegade inokuqina okuphasi, ukujamelana nokuguga okumbi, imiraro emikhulu yokuvuza kwangaphakathi emikhiqizweni yamavalvu, kanye nepilo emfitjhani yokusebenza. I-Shenyang Valve Research Institute, i-Harbin Welding Research Institute kanye ne-Harbin Boiler Factory zakha isiqhema sokurhubhulula esihlanganiswe kathathu. Ngemva kweminyaka emi-2 yokusebenza budisi, kwakhiwa umhlobo omutjha we-chrome-manganese yokuvala indawo (20Cr12Mo8). Iinsetjenziswa zisebenza kuhle. Ukujamelana nokuklwebheka okuhle, ipilo ende yokusebenza, begodu kungabi ne-nickel ne-chromium encani, iinsetjenziswa zingasekelwa ekhaya, ngemva kokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe, kuqakatheke khulu ekukhuthazeni.
2) Ukuzalisa irhubhululo. Umnqopho wophenyo lokupakisha kukurarulula umraro wokuvuza kwevalvu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukupakisha kwevalvu bekuyi-asbestos enamafutha kanye ne-asbestos yerabha, begodu ukusebenza kokuvala bekungakalungi, okwabangela ukuvuza okukhulu kwevalvu. Ngo-1967, i-General Machinery Research Institute yahlela isiqhema sokuphenya ukuvuza kwangaphandle ukuphenya ezinye iindawo zamakhemikhali, iindawo zokucwengisisa amafutha kanye neendawo zamandla, bese yenza irhubhululo lokuhlola ukulwisana nokugqwala emaphaketheni kanye nama-valve stems.
3) Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza komkhiqizo kanye nophenyo oluyisisekelo lwethiyori. Lokha nasenza irhubhululo lobuthekhnikhi,ibubulo levalvugodu wenza ngamandla ukuhlolwa kokusebenza komkhiqizo kanye nerhubhululo eliyisisekelo, begodu wazuza imiphumela eminengi.
5. Yenza amatjhuguluko wethekhnoloji wamabhizinisi
Ngemva kweKhonferensi ye-Kaifeng ngo-1973, yoke ibubulo yenza amatjhuguluko wethekhnoloji. Imiraro emikhulu ebegade ikhona embonini yamavalvu ngesikhatheso: Kokuthoma, ikambiso beyibuyela emuva, ukuphosa bekwenziwa ngesandla, ukuphosa kwesiqetjhana sinye, begodu amathulusi womtjhini weenhloso ezijayelekileko kanye nezinto ezisetjenziselwa imisebenzi ejayelekileko bezisetjenziselwa ukusebenza emakhazeni. Kungenxa yokuthi imihlobo kanye nokucaciswa kwefemu ngayinye kuphindwa khulu, begodu inani likhulu enarheni yoke, kodwana ngemva kokusabalaliswa kwefemu ngayinye, isiqhema sokukhiqiza sincani khulu, okuthinta ukusetjenziswa kwamandla wokukhiqiza. Ukuphendula imiraro engehla, i-Heavy and General Bureau yomNyango wokuThoma weMitjhini ibeke phambili amagadango alandelako: ukuhlela amafemu wamavalvu we-pressure ephezulu nephakathi, ukwenza ihlelo elihlangeneko, ukwahlukanisa abasebenzi ngokunengqondo, nokwandisa ukukhiqizwa okukhulu; yamukela ithekhnoloji ethuthukileko, yenza imigqa yokukhiqiza, begodu isebenzisane emafemini aqakathekileko nama-blank. 4 imigqa yokukhiqiza insimbi engenalutho isungulwe emsebenzini wokuphosa insimbi, begodu imigqa eli-10 yokukhiqiza iingcenye ezibandako sele isungulwe emafemini asithandathu aqakathekileko; inani elipheleleko lama-yuan ayizigidi ezima-52 litjalwe ekuguqulweni kwethekhnoloji.
(1) Ukutjhuguluka kwethekhnoloji yokusebenza ngokutjhisa Ekutjhugululweni kwethekhnoloji yokusebenza ngokutjhisa, ithekhnoloji efana ne-water glass tidal shell mold, isihlabathi esinamanzi, i-tidal mold kanye nokuphosa okunembileko sele kuthandwa. Ukuphosa ngokunembileko kungakghonakalisa ukukhiqiza ngaphandle kwe-chip nofana ngaphandle kwe-chip. Ilungele isango, indlala yokupakisha kanye nomzimba wevalvu kanye nebhonethi yamavalvu anobubanzi obuncani, ngeenzuzo ezibonakalako zezomnotho. Ngo-1969, i-Shanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yathoma ukusebenzisa ikambiso yokuphosa ngokunembileko ekukhiqizeni i-valve, ye-PN16, umzimba we-DN50 gate valve,
(2) Ukutjhugulula ithekhnoloji yokusebenza emakhazeni Ekutjhugululweni kwethekhnoloji yokusebenza emakhazeni, amathulusi wemitjhini akhethekileko nemigqa yokukhiqiza isetjenziswa embonini yamavalvu. Kusukela ngo-1964, i-Shanghai Valve No. 7 Factory yaklama begodu yenza umzila wokukhiqiza we-gate valve crawler type semi-automatic, okuyilayini yokuthoma yokukhiqiza i-valve ye-semi-automatic ye-low-pressure embonini yama-valve. Ngemva kwalokho, i-Shanghai Valve No. 5 Factory yakha begodu yenza umzila wokukhiqiza we-DN50 ~ DN100 low-pressure globe valve body kanye nebhonethi ngo-1966.
6. Thuthukisa ngamandla imihlobo emitjha begodu uthuthukise izinga lamasethi apheleleko
Ukuhlangabezana neendingo zamasethi amakhulu wemitjhini efana ne-petroleum, ibubulo lamakhemikhali, amandla kagesi, ibubulo le-metallurgy kanye nebubulo le-petrochemical, ibubulo le-valve lithuthukisa ngamandla imikhiqizo emitjha ngesikhathi esifanako sokutjhuguluka kwethekhnoloji, okwenze ngcono izinga lokufanisa kwemikhiqizo yama-valve.
03 Isifinyezo
Nawuqala emuva ngo-1967 ukuya ku-1978, ukuthuthukiswa kweivalvu ibubulo lakhe lathinteka khulu. Ngebanga lokuthuthukiswa okurhabako kwamabubulo wephethroliyamu, amakhemikhali, amandla kagesi, wesimbi kanye namalahle, amavalvu wegandelelo eliphezulu neliphakathi sele aba “mikhiqizo yesikhathi esifitjhani” okwesikhatjhana. Ngo-1972, ihlangano yebubulo levalvu yathoma ukuthoma kabutjha nokwenza imisebenzi. Ngemva kwemihlangano emibili ye-Kaifeng, kwenziwa ngamandla "ukwenza izinto ezintathu zesimanjemanje" nomsebenzi wokurhubhulula wezobuchwepheshe, okwenza igagasi lokutjhuguluka kwezobuchwepheshe kiyo yoke ibubulo. Ngo-1975, ibubulo lamavalvu lathoma ukulungisa, begodu ukukhiqizwa kwebubulo kwatjhuguluka kwaba ngcono.
Ngo-1973, iKhomitjhini yokuHlela yomBuso yavuma amagadango womthangalasiseko wokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwengcindezi ephezulu nephakathiamavalvu. Ngemva kokutjala imali, ibubulo levalvu lenze amatjhuguluko angaba khona. Ngokutjhuguluka nokuthuthukiswa kwethekhnoloji, amanye amathekhnoloji athuthukileko amukelwe, ukwenzela bona izinga lokucubungula amakhaza kiyo yoke ibubulo lithuthukiswe ngezinga elithileko, begodu nezinga lokusetjenziswa kwemitjhini yokucubungula ngokutjhisa sele lithuthukiswe ngezinga elithileko. Ngemva kokukhuthazwa kwendlela yokutjheja nge-plasma, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wamavalvu wegandelelo eliphezulu neliphakathi yenziwe ngcono khulu, begodu nemiraro "yokuvuza okufitjhani okukodwa nokubili" nayo yenziwe ngcono. Ngokuqedwa nokusebenza kwamaphrojekthi ama-32 wokulinganisa umthangalasiseko, ibubulo lamavalvu we-China linesisekelo esiqinileko kanye namandla amakhulu wokukhiqiza. Solo kwango-1970, ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu wegandelelo eliphezulu neliphakathi kwaragela phambili nokukhula. Kusukela ngo-1972 ukuya ku-1975, umkhiqizo wanda ukusuka ku-21,284t ukuya ku-38,500t, ngokunyuka okupheleleko kwe-17,216t eminyakeni emi-4, okulingana nomkhiqizo wonyaka ngo-1970. Umkhiqizo wonyaka wamavalvu we-low-pressure bewuzinzile ezingeni lamathani angama-70,000,000,000,000. Ngesikhathi lesi,ivalvu ibubulo lathuthukisa ngamandla imikhiqizo emitjha, ingasi imihlobo yamavalvu asetjenziselwa ukusetjenziswa okujayelekileko kwaphela, kodwana namavalvu akhethekileko weziteshi zamandla, amapayipi, umfutho ophakemeko khulu, amazinga womtjhiso aphasi kanye nebubulo lenyukliya, i-aerospace namanye amavalvu asetjenziselwa imisebenzi ekhethekileko nawo athuthukiswe khulu. Nangabe iminyaka yabo-1960 bekuyisikhathi sokuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwamavalvu weenhloso ezijayelekileko, khona-ke iminyaka yabo-1970 bekuyisikhathi sokuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwamavalvu weenhloso ezikhethekileko. Amandla wokusekela wekhayaamavalvu sele ithuthukiswe khulu, okuhlangabezana neendingo zentuthuko yemikhakha ehlukileko yomnotho welizwe.
Isikhathi sokuposa: Aug-04-2022
