Isigaba sokuthoma sebubulo levalvu (1949 ukuya ku-1959)
01Hlela ukusebenzela ukuvuselelwa komnotho welizwe
Isikhathi kusukela ngo-1949 ukuya ku-1952 bekusikhathi sokuvuselelwa komnotho welizwe lami. Ngebanga leendingo zokwakha umnotho, inarha idinga msinyana inani elikhuluamavalvu, ingasi kwaphelaamavalvu wegandelelo eliphasi, kodwana neqoqo lamavalvu anegandelelo eliphezulu neliphakathi ebegade angakakhiqizwa ngesikhatheso. Indlela yokuhlela ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu ukuhlangabezana neendingo eziphuthumako zelizwe ngumsebenzi onzima nonzima.
1. Ukunqophisa nokusekela ukukhiqiza
Ngokuya ngomthethomgomo "wokuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza, ukuthuthukisa umnotho, ukutjheja kokubili umphakathi nowangasese, nokuzuzisa kokubili abasebenzi nemali", urhulumende wabantu wamukela indlela yokucubungula noku-oda, begodu usekela ngamandla amabhizinisi angasese aphakathi namancani ukuvula godu nokukhiqiza amavalvu. Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-People's Republic of China, i-Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory ekugcineni yavala ibhizinisi layo ngebanga leenkolodo zayo ezinengi nokungabi nemakethe yemikhiqizo yayo, kwasala abasebenzi abali-7 kwaphela ukugada ifemu, begodu yathengisa amathulusi wemitjhini ali-14 ukugcina iindleko. Ngemva kokusungulwa kwe-New China, ngokusekelwa ngurhulumende wabantu, ifemu yathoma ukukhiqiza godu, begodu inani labasebenzi ngalowo mnyaka lakhuphuka ukusuka ku-7 ukuya ku-96 lokha nayithomako. Ngemva kwalokho, ifemu yamukela ukulungiswa kwezinto ezivela e-Shenyang Hardware Machinery Company, begodu ukukhiqiza kwathatha ukubukeka okutjha. Inani labasebenzi lakhula laya ku-329, ngokukhiqiza ngonyaka kwamasethi ama-610 wamavalvu ahlukahlukeneko, ngenani lokukhiqiza lama-830,000 yuan. Ngesikhathi esifanako e-Shanghai, ingasi amabhizinisi wangasese kwaphela ebegade akhiqiza amavalvu avulwa godu, kodwana ngokuvuselelwa komnotho welizwe, inani elikhulu lamabhizinisi amancani angasese avuleka nofana atjhugulukela ekukhiqizeni amavalvu, okwenza bona ihlangano ye-Construction Hardware Association ngesikhatheso ikhule msinyana.
2. Ukuthenga nokuthengisa okuhlangeneko, hlela ukukhiqizwa kwevalvu
Njengombana inani elikhulu lamabhizinisi angasese aphendukela ekukhiqizeni amavalvu, i-Shanghai Construction Hardware Association yokuthoma ayikghoni ukuhlangabezana neemfuneko zentuthuko. Ngo-1951, abakhiqizi bamavalvu we-Shanghai basungula amabhizinisi ahlanganyelweko ama-6 ukwenza imisebenzi yokucubungula noku-oda ye-Shanghai Purchasing Supply Station ye-China Hardware Machinery Company, begodu baqalise ukuthenga nokuthengisa okuhlangeneko. Ukwenza isibonelo, i-Daxin Iron Works, eyenza umsebenzi wamavalvu amakhulu we-low-pressure, kanye ne-Yuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong kanye ne-Lianggong Machinery Factory, eyenza ukukhiqiza amavalvu we-high- no medium pressure, zoke zisekelwa yi-Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Utilities, Ministry of Central of Fuel Instry of China. Ngaphasi kokuqondiswa mNyango we-Petroleum womNyango wezamaBhizinisi, ama-oda aqondileko ayaphunyelelwa, bese atjhugulukela ekucubunguleni ama-oda. Urhulumende wabantu usize amabhizinisi angasese ukunqoba ubudisi ekukhiqizeni nasekuthengiseni ngokusebenzisa umthethomgomo wokuthenga nokuthengisa ohlangeneko, ekuthomeni watjhugulula ukugandeleleka kwezomnotho wamabhizinisi wangasese, begodu wathuthukisa itjisakalo yokukhiqiza yabanikazi bamabhizinisi nabasebenzi, abasemuva khulu ngethekhnoloji, imitjhini kanye nobujamo befemu Ngaphasi kobujamo, inikeze inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo yevalvu amabhizinisi afana namafemu wamandla, amafemu wensimbi kanye namasimu wamafutha ukobana aragele phambili nokukhiqiza.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa kokubuyiselwa kwemisebenzi yokwakha umnotho welizwe
Ehlelweni lokuthoma leminyaka emihlanu, umbuso ukhombe amaphrojekthi wokwakha aqakathekileko ali-156, lapho ukubuyiselwa kwe-Yumen Oil Field kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-Anshan Iron and Steel Company ngamaphrojekthi amabili amakhulu. Ukurarulula ukukhiqiza e-Yumen Oilfield msinyana, i-Petroleum Administration Bureau ye-Ministry of Fuel Industry yahlela ukukhiqizwa kweengcenye zemitjhini ye-petroleum e-Shanghai. I-Shanghai Jinlong Hardware Factory nabanye bathathe umsebenzi wokulinga ukukhiqiza iqoqo lamavalvu wensimbi ane-pressure ephakathi. Kungenzeka ukucabanga ngobudisi bokukhiqiza amavalvu womfutho ophakathi namafemu amancani we-workshop. Eminye imihlobo ingalingiswa ngokuya ngamasampula anikelwe basebenzisi, begodu izinto zamambala ziyahlolwa begodu zifakwe emephini. Njengombana ikhwalithi yensimbi ebegade iphosiwe beyingakalungi ngokwaneleko, umzimba wevalvu yensimbi ebegade yenziwe kwafanela bona utjhugululwe ube yi-forging. Ngaleso sikhathi, bekungakabi nedayi yokubhora yokusebenza kwemigodi etjhingako yomzimba we-globe valve, njeke beyibholwa ngesandla kwaphela, bese ilungiswa mfaki. Ngemva kokunqoba ubudisi obunengi, ekugcineni siphumelele ekukhiqizeni ukulingwa kwama-NPS3/8 ~ NPS2 ama-valve we-NPS3/8 ~ NPS2 we-medium-pressure steel gate valve kanye nama-globe valve, amukelwe kuhle basebenzisi. Ngengcenye yesibili ka-1952, i-Shanghai Yuanta, i-Zhongxin, i-Weiye, i-Lianggong namanye amafemu athatha umsebenzi wokukhiqiza nokukhiqiza ngobunengi bamavalvu wensimbi we-petroleum. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwasetjenziswa imiklamo namazinga we-Soviet, begodu abososayensi bafunda ngokwenza, begodu banqoba ubudisi obunengi ekukhiqizeni. Ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu wensimbi we-Shanghai kwahlelwa mNyango we-Petroleum, begodu kwathola nokubambisana kwamafemu ahlukahlukeneko we-Shanghai. Ifemu ye-Asia (nje eyifemu yokulungiswa kwemitjhini ye-Shanghai) yanikela ngeenthombe zensimbi ezihlangabezana neemfuneko, begodu ifemu yamabhoyila we-Sifang yasiza ekuqhumeni. Ukuhlolwa kwagcina kuphumelele ekukhiqizeni ukulinga kwe-cast steel valve prototype, begodu msinyana kwahlela ukukhiqizwa okukhulu begodu kwathunyelwa e-Yumen Oilfield bona isetjenziswe ngesikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanako, i-Shenyang Chengfa Iron Works kanye ne-Shanghai Daxin Iron Works nayo yanikelaamavalvu wegandelelo eliphasingamasayizi amakhulu wezitjalo zamandla, i-Anshan Iron and Steel Company ukuthoma kabutjha ukukhiqiza nokwakhiwa kwedorobha.
Ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa komnotho welizwe, ibubulo lamavalvu welizwe lami lithuthuke msinyana. Ngo-1949, ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu bekuyi-387t kwaphela, okwakhula kwaba yi-1015t ngo-1952. Ngokwethekhnikhi, sele ikwazile ukukhiqiza amavalvu wensimbi aphosiweko kanye namavalvu amakhulu anomfutho ophasi, anganikeli amavalvu ahambelanako wokuvuselela umnotho welizwe kwaphela, kodwana abeka isisekelo esihle sokuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizako sebubulo lamavalvu we-China.
02Ibubulo levalvu lathoma
Ngo-1953, inarha yami yathoma ihlelo layo lokuthoma leminyaka emihlanu, begodu imikhakha yamabubulo efana ne-petroleum, ibubulo lamakhemikhali, i-metallurgy, amandla kagesi namalahle koke kwathuthukisa ijubane lentuthuko. Ngalesi sikhathi, isidingo samavalvu siyaphindaphindeka. Ngaleso sikhathi, nanyana bekunenani elikhulu lamafemu amancani angasese akhiqiza amavalvu, amandla wawo wezobuchwepheshe bekangakaqini, imitjhini yawo besele iphelelwe sikhathi, amafemu wawo bekalula, iinkali zawo bezincani khulu, begodu bezihlakazeke khulu. Ukuhlangabezana neemfuneko zokuthuthukiswa okurhabako komnotho welizwe, uMnyango wokuThoma wezeMitjhini (obizwa ngokuthi nguMnyango wokuThoma weMitjhini) uragela phambili nokuhlela kabutjha nokutjhugulula amabhizinisi wangasese wekuthomeni nokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu. Ngesikhathi esifanako, kuneenhlelo namagadango wokwakha umgogodla namavalvu wekhiye. Ibhizinisi, ibubulo lamavalvu welizwe lami lathoma ukuthoma.
1. Ukuhlelwa kabutjha kwebubulo levalvu yesibili e-Shanghai
Ngemva kokusungulwa kwe-New China, iQembu lasebenzisa umthethomgomo "wokusebenzisa, ukuvinjelwa nokutjhugulula" ibubulo lobungxiwankulu nezokurhweba.
Kwavela bona bekunamafemu ama-valve amancani ama-60 nofana ama-70 e-Shanghai. Ifemu ekulu khulu beyinabantu abama-20 ukuya kwama-30 kwaphela, kuthi encani khulu beyinabantu abambalwa. Nanyana amafemu wamavalvu la akhiqiza amavalvu, ithekhnoloji yawo nokuphathwa kwawo kusemuva khulu, imitjhini nezakhiwo zefemu zilula, begodu neendlela zokukhiqiza zilula. Ezinye zine-lathe eyodwa nofana ezimbili ezilula nofana amathulusi womtjhini webhande, begodu kunezinye iintolo zokuphosa, ezinengi zazo ezisetjenziswa ngezandla. , ngaphandle kwekghono lokuklama nemitjhini yokuhlola. Isimo lesi asifanele ukukhiqiza kwesimanjemanje, begodu asikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuneko zokukhiqiza ezihleliweko zombuso, begodu akukghonakali ukulawula ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yamavalvu. Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, uRhulumende wabantu weMasipala we-Shanghai wenze ibhizinisi elihlangeneko nabakhiqizi bamavalvu e-Shanghai, begodu wasungula i-Shanghai Pipeline Switches No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 namanye amabhizinisi aphakathi. Ukuhlanganisa lokhu okungenhla, ukuphathwa okuhlanganisiweko ngokwethekhnoloji nekhwalithi, okuhlanganisa kuhle ukuphathwa okuhlakazekileko nokuphithizelako, ngaleyo ndlela kukhuthaze khulu umdlandla wenengi labasebenzi ukwakha ubusoshiyali, lokhu kuhlelwa kabutjha kokuthoma okukhulu kwebubulo le-valve.
Ngemva kokusebenzisana komphakathi namabhizinisi wangasese ngo-1956, ibubulo lamavalvu e-Shanghai latjhugululwa kwesibili begodu lahlelwa kabutjha ibubulo ngezinga elikhulu, begodu amakhamphani wezobuchwepheshe afana ne-Shanghai Construction Hardware Company, i-Petroleum Machinery Parts Manufacturing Company kanye ne-General Machinery Company kwasungulwa. Inkampani yamavalvu ekuthomeni eyayihlangene nebubulo leensetjenziswa zokwakha isungule i-Yuanda, Rongfa, Zhongxin, Weiye, Jinlong, Zhao Yongda, Tongxin, Fuchang, Wang Yingqi, Yunchang, Dehe, Jinfa, kanye ne-Xie ngokwesifunda. Kunamafemu angaba ma-20 e-Dalian, Yuchang, Deda, njll. Ifemu ngayinye ephakathi inamafemu amanengi wesathelayithi ngaphasi kwegunya layo. Igatja lehlangano kanye nenyunyana yabasebenzi abahlanganyelweko yasungulwa esikhungweni esiphakathi. Urhulumende wabela abajameli bomphakathi bona baphathe umsebenzi wokuphatha, begodu ngokufanako wasungula iinhlangano zamabhizinisi wokukhiqiza, wokuphakela, nezezezimali, begodu kancanikancani waqalisa iindlela zokulawula ezifana namabhizinisi karhulumende. Ngesikhathi esifanako, indawo ye-Shenyang nayo yahlanganisa amafemu amancani ama-21 waba yi-ChengfaIvalvu yesangoIfekthri. Solo kwalokho, umbuso ulethe ukukhiqizwa kwamabhizinisi amancani namaphakathi nendawo emzileni wokuhlela weentjhabatjhaba ngokusebenzisa ama-ejensi wokuphatha kiwo woke amazinga, begodu uhlele begodu wahlela ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu. Lokhu kutjhuguluka ekuphathweni kokukhiqizwa kwamabhizinisi wamavalvu solo kwathonywa i-New China.
2. Ifektri yemitjhini ye-Shenyang itjhugulukele ekukhiqizeni amavalvu
Ngesikhathi esifanako nokuhlelwa kabutjha kwabakhiqizi bamavalvu e-Shanghai, umNyango weMitjhini yokuThoma wahlukanisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yefemu ngayinye ehlangene ngqo, begodu wacacisa indlela yokukhiqiza yeprofetjhinali yefemu ehlangene ngqo kanye namafemu amakhulu wendawo aphethwe mbuso. Ifektri yemitjhini ye-Shenyang yatjhugululwa yaba mkhiqizi wamavalvu oyingcweti. ibhizinisi. Ifemu eyandulelako bekuyihhovisi lebhizinisi elikhulu le-bureaucratic kanye nefemu ye-Dechang ye-Japanese pseudo-industry. Ngemva kokusungulwa kwe-New China, ifemu yakhiqiza khulu amathulusi wemitjhini ahlukahlukeneko namajoyinti wamapayipi. Ngo-1953, yathoma ukukhiqiza imitjhini yokusebenza ngokhuni. Ngo-1954, lokha nayilawulwa ngqo yi-First Bureau of Machinery Ministry, beyinabasebenzi abayi-1,585 kanye namasethi ali-147 wemitjhini nemitjhini ehlukahlukeneko. Begodu inamandla wokukhiqiza insimbi ephosweko, begodu amandla wezobuchwepheshe anamandla khulu. Kusukela ngo-1955, ukwenzela bona itjhugulukele ekuthuthukisweni kwehlelo lezwe, sele itjhugulukele ekukhiqizeni amavalvu, yakha kabutjha indawo yokuthoma yokusebenza yensimbi, ukuhlanganisa, amathulusi, ukulungisa imitjhini kanye nama-workshop wokuphosa insimbi, yakha indawo etja yokwenza ama-riveting nokuwelda, begodu yasungula ilabhorethri ephakathi nesitetjhi sokuqinisekisa nge-metrological. Abanye abososayensi badluliselwa e-Shenyang Pump Factory. Ngo-1956, 837tamavalvu wegandelelo eliphasizakhiqizwa, begodu kwathoma ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwamavalvu wegandelelo eliphezulu neliphakathi. Ngo-1959, kwakhiqizwa ama-4213t wamavalvu, kufaka hlangana ama-1291t wamavalvu anegandelelo eliphezulu neliphakathi. Ngo-1962, yabizwa ngokuthi yi-Shenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory begodu yaba ngelinye lamabhizinisi amakhulu khulu embonini yamavalvu.
3. Umvuthwandaba wokuthoma wokukhiqizwa kwamavalvu
Emalangeni wokuthoma wokusungulwa kwe-New China, ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu welizwe lami kwararululwa ngokubambisana nokulwa. Ngesikhathi se-“Great Leap Forward”, ibubulo lamavalvu welizwe lami lathola umvuthwandaba walo wokuthoma wokukhiqiza. Umkhiqizo wevalvu: 387t ngo-1949, 8126t ngo-1956, 49746t ngo-1959, 128.5 ka-1949, kanye 6.1 ka-1956 lokha nakusungulwa ukusebenzisana komphakathi nezangasese. Ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu wegandelelo eliphezulu neliphakathi kwathoma ngemva kwesikhathi, begodu ukukhiqizwa ngobunengi kwathoma ngo-1956, ngomkhiqizo weminyaka eyi-175t. Ngo-1959, umkhiqizo wafikelela ku-1799t, okuphindwe ka-10.3 kunalowo ka-1956. Ukuthuthukiswa okurhabako kwezomnotho welizwe kukhuthaze amagadango amakhulu webubulo lamavalvu. Ngo-1955, i-Shanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yaphumelela ukukhiqiza i-Christmas tree valve ye-Yumen Oilfield; I-Shanghai Yuanda, i-Zhongxin, i-Weiye, i-Rongfa namanye amafemu wemitjhini akhiqiza ngokulingwa insimbi ephosiweko, i-forged steel ephakathi nendawo ne-high pressure valve kanye ne-nominal pressure yamasimu wamafutha nezitjalo zomanyolo Ama-valve we-high pressure we-PN160 ne-PN320; I-Shenyang General Machinery Factory kanye ne-Suzhou Iron Factory (eyandulela i-Suzhou Valve Factory) baphumelele ukukhiqiza amavalvu we-high-pressure wefemu yomanyolo we-Jilin Chemical Industry Corporation; Ifemu yensimbi ye-Shenyang Chengfa iphumelele ukulinga ukukhiqiza ivalvu yegezi enesayizi encani ye-DN3000. Bekuyivalvu ekulu nebudisi khulu e-China ngesikhatheso; I-Shenyang General Machinery Factory iphumelele ukukhiqiza amavalvu we-ultra-high pressure anamasayizi amancani we-DN3 ~ DN10 kanye nama-pressure amancani we-PN1500 ~ PN2000 wedivayisi yokuhlola i-high-pressure polyethylene; Ifektri yensimbi ye-Shanghai Daxin yenzelwe ibubulo le-metallurgic I-valve yomoya otjhisako onobukhulu obuncani be-DN600 kanye ne-flue valve ye-DN900; Ifemu ye-Dalian Valve, i-Wafangdian Valve Factory, njll. nazo zizuze ukuthuthukiswa okurhabako. Ukwanda kweentlobo kanye nobunengi bamavalvu kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yamavalvu. Khulukhulu ngeendingo zokwakha zebubulo elithi “Great Leap Forward”, amafemu wamavalvu amancani namaphakathi avele enarheni yoke. Ngo-1958, amabhizinisi wokukhiqiza amavalvu weentjhabatjhaba bekanepheze abe likhulu, akha isiqhema esikhulu sokukhiqiza amavalvu. Ngo-1958, inani elipheleleko lamavalvu lakhuphukela ku-24,163t, ukwanda kwama-80% ukudlula ngo-1957; Ngesikhathi lesi, ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu welizwe lami kwaba nomvuthwandaba wawo wokuthoma. Kodwana, ngebanga lokuthonywa kwabakhiqizi bamavalvu, kwaletha nemiraro eminengi. Ukwenza isibonelo: ukulandela inani kwaphela, ingasi ikhwalithi; "ukwenza okuncani nokwenza okukhulu, iindlela zendawo", ukutlhogeka kweemeko zethekhnoloji; ukuklama ngesikhathi wenza, ukutlhogeka kwemiqondo ejwayelekileko; ukukopa nokukopa, okubangela ukuhlangahlangana kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngebanga lemigomo yabo ehlukileko, enye nenye inesethi yezitayela ezihlukileko. Itheminoloji yamavalvu ayifani eendaweni ezihlukileko, begodu umfutho oqakathekileko kanye nochungechunge lobukhulu obubizwako akufani. Amanye amafemu atjho amazinga we-Soviet, amanye atjho amazinga we-Japan, begodu amanye atjho amazinga we-America ne-Britain. Ukudideka okukhulu. Ngokuya ngeentlobo, ukucaciswa, ubukhulu bokuhlanganisa, ubude besakhiwo, ubujamo bokuhlolwa, amazinga wokuhlolwa, amatshwayo wepende, umzimba namakhemikhali, nokulinganisa, njll. Amakhamphani amanengi amukela indlela yokumadanisa eyodwa “yokumadanisa inani lezihlalo”, ikhwalithi ayiqinisekiswa, umphumela awuphezulu, begodu neenzuzo zezomnotho azithuthukisi. Isimo ngesikhatheso "besihlakazekile, siphithizela, simbalwa, begodu siphasi", okutjho bona, amafemu wamavalvu ahlakazekile kizo zoke iindawo, ihlelo lokuphatha eliphitheneko, ukutlhogeka kwamazinga wezobuchwepheshe ahlangeneko kanye nokucaciswa, kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ephasi. Ukubuyisela emuva ubujamo lobu, umbuso unqume ukuhlela abasebenzi abafaneleko ukwenza irhubhululo lokukhiqiza lezwe lokeivalvuibubulo.
4. Irhubhululo lokuthoma lokukhiqizwa kwamavalvu kazwelonke
Ukuze kutholakale ubujamo bokukhiqizwa kwamavalvu, ngo-1958, i-First neThird Bureau yoMnyango weMitjhini yokuThoma yahlela iphenyo lokukhiqizwa kwamavalvu kazwelonke. Isiqhema sokuphenya saya eendaweni ezi-4 kanye namadorobha ama-24 eNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-China, e-North China, e-East China kanye ne-Central South China ukuyokwenza iphenyo elibanzi emafemini wamavalvu ama-90. Lokhu kuhlolisiso lokuthoma kwevalvu enarheni yoke solo kwathonywa i-People's Republic of China. Ngaleso sikhathi, irhubhululo belidzimelele ebantwini abakhiqiza amavalvu abanezinga elikhulu nemihlobo eminengi, njenge-Shenyang General Machinery Factory, i-Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory, i-Suzhou Iron Factory, kanye ne-Dalian Valve. Ifemu, ifemu yezinto zokusebenza ze-Beijing (eyandulela ifemu yamavalvu we-Beijing), ifemu yevalvu ye-Wafangdian, ifemu yevalvu ye-Chongqing, abakhiqizi bamavalvu abanengi e-Shanghai kanye namafemu we-Shanghai Pipeline Switch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kanye ne-6, njll.
Ngophenyo, imiraro emikhulu ekhona ekukhiqizeni amavalvu sele itholakele:
1) Ukutlhogeka kokuhlela okupheleleko nokwahlukaniswa okuzwakalako komsebenzi, okurholela ekukhiqizeni okuphindaphindiweko begodu kuthinte amandla wokukhiqiza.
2) Amazinga womkhiqizo wevalvu awahlanganisiwe, okwenze bona kube nobudisi obukhulu ekukhetheni nokugcina komsebenzisi.
3) Isisekelo somsebenzi wokulinganisa nokuhlola simbi khulu, begodu kubudisi ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yamavalvu nokukhiqiza ngobunengi.
Ukuphendula imiraro engenhla, isiqhema sokuphenya sibeke phambili amagadango amathathu eenkonzweni nama-bureau, okufakahlangana ukuqinisa ukuhlela okupheleleko, ukwahlukaniswa okunengqondo kwemisebenzi, nokuhlela ibhalansi yokukhiqiza nokuthengisa; ukuqinisa ukulinganisa nomsebenzi wokuhlola umzimba namakhemikhali, ukwakha amazinga wevalvu ahlangeneko; kanye nokwenza irhubhululo lokuhlola. 1. Abadosiphambili be-3rd Bureau bakuqakathekise khulu lokhu. Kokuthoma, bagxila emsebenzini wokulinganisa. Baphathisa i-Machinery Manufacturing Technology Technology Research Institute ye-First Ministry of Machinery bona ihlele abakhiqizi bamavalvu abafaneleko ukwakha amazinga weensetjenziswa zamapayipi akhutjhwe mnyango, asetjenziswa embonini ngo-1961. Ukuze kuqondiswe umklamo we-valve yefemu ngayinye, isikhungo sihlanganise begodu saphrinta “Umklamo weValvu”. Izinga leensekelo zamapayipi elikhutjhwe mnyango liliqoqo lokuthoma lamazinga wamavalvu enarheni yami, begodu “iManyuwali yokuKlama iValvu” yidatha yokuthoma yokuklanywa kwevalvu ehlanganiswe sithi, edlale indima ehle ekwenzeni ngcono izinga lokuklanywa kwemikhiqizo yamavalvu enarheni yami. Ngokusebenzisa irhubhululo lezwe loke, ummongo wokuthuthukiswa kwebubulo lamavalvu enarheni yami eminyakeni eli-10 edlulileko sele kutholakele, begodu amagadango asebenzako nasebenzako athathwe ukuqeda ngokupheleleko ukulingisa okuphikisanako kokukhiqizwa kwamavalvu nokutlhogeka kwamazinga. Ithekhnoloji yokukhiqiza yathatha igadango elikhulu phambili begodu yathoma ukungena esigabeni esitjha sokuziklama nokuhlela ukukhiqiza okukhulu.
03 Isifinyezo
Kusukela ngo-1949 ukuya ku-1959, inarha yamiivalvuibubulo lalulama msinyana ebujamweni be-China endala begodu lathoma ukuthoma; ukusuka ekugcinweni, ukulingisa ukuya ekuzilungiselelenidukuklama nokukhiqiza, ukusuka ekwenzeni amavalvu womfutho ophasi ukuya ekukhiqizeni amavalvu womfutho ophakemeko nophakathi, ekuthomeni kwakha ibubulo lokukhiqiza amavalvu. Kodwana, ngebanga lokuthuthukiswa okurhabako kwebelo lokukhiqiza, kuneminye imiraro. Solo kwafakwa ehlelweni lezwe, ngaphasi kokulawulwa okuhlangeneko komNyango wokuThoma weMitjhini, imbangela yomraro lo itholakele ngokuphenya nokurhubhulula, begodu iinsombululo ezisebenzako nezisebenzako nezinyathelo zithathwe ukwenza bona ukukhiqizwa kwamavalvu kukhambisane nejubane lokwakhiwa kwezomnotho welizwe, kanye nokuthuthukisa ibubulo lamavalvu. Begodu ukwakheka kweenhlangano zebubulo kubeke isisekelo esihle.
Isikhathi sokuposa: Jul-27-2022
